Year GEP 1 GEP/CO2: Carriage of Oxygen

Lecture: Introduction to Haemorrhage and Shock

1. Define and classify shock (Hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive). 
2. Describe physiology of normal tissue perfusion. 
3. Describe short and long term mechanisms that allow compensation for haemorrhage. 
4. Describe the clinical presentation of the different types of shock.

Lecture: CofO2 Introduction

Lecture: The Mediastinum

1. Identify the divisions of the mediastinum
2. Describe the organisation of the structures in the superior mediastinum
3. Describe the arrangement of the pericardium
4. Describe the contents of the posterior mediastinum
5. Explain the arterial supply and the venous drainage of the thoracic wall
6. Distinguish between the pulmonary and the systemic blood supply to the lungs

Lecture: Anatomy of the Heart and Coronary Arteries

1. Describe the functional anatomy of the valves of the heart
2. Describe the conduction system of the heart and innervation to the nodes
3. Describe the pericardium
4. Trace the flow of blood through the heart and identify the great vessels
5. Describe the arrangement/landmarks and the main features of the chambers of the heart
6. Explain the anatomy and the perfusion of the coronary arteries

Lecture: Erythropoiesis & Anaemia

1. Iron absorption
2. Distinguishing between different types of microcytic anaemia
3. Sites & stages of Erythropoiesis
4. Classification of anaemias based on RBC size
5. Removal and recycling of senescent red cells
6. RBC Count
7. Causes of microcytic anaemia

Lecture: The Heartbeat and ECG

1. Explain the layout and connections of the 12 standard ECG leads
2. Briefly describe the events of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
3. Describe how the heart beat is generated.
4. Name the components of the conduction system of the heart, and trace the conduction pathway.
5. Draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram tracing; name the individual waves and intervals, and indicate what each represents.
6. Name some abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG tracing

Lecture: Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract

Lecture: Smooth & Cardiac Muscle

1. Describe the innervation of cardiac and smooth muscle
2. Explain briefly the electrophysiology of cardiac and smooth muscle.
3. Describe briefly the structure and function of cardiac muscle
4. List the structures where smooth muscle is found
5. Describe the heterogeneity of smooth muscle and link to function
6. Describe the excitation - contraction coupling in smooth muscle and briefly contrast with cardiac and skeletal muscle
7. Describe how external factors may contract or relax smooth muscle

Lecture: The Heart as a Pump

1. Explain how the heart is adapted to supply the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
2. Draw a diagram of the pressure profiles in the left atrium, left ventricle and the aorta for a single cardiac cycle. Label the vertical axis in units of pressure. Indicate the points at which the cardiac valves open and close, and the periods of iso-volumetric contraction and relaxation.
3. Explain the origin and significance of heart sounds.
4. Describe Starling's law of the heart and explain how cardiac output is balanced on the two sides.
5. Explain the concepts of preload and afterload.
6. Note the differences between pulmonary and systemic capillaries.
7. Outline the main processes ensuring adequate venous return to the heart

Lecture: Haemodynamics

1. Define the terms pulse pressure and mean blood pressure, and state values for these in the normal healthy young adult.
2. Comment on the importance of Poiseuille's law relating vessel radius and resistance to flow, and the relevance of this to changes in pressure in the circulation.
3. Explain the relationships between cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood pressure
4. Explain the concept of arterial compliance, and describe the relationship between pulse pressure, stroke volume and compliance
5. Be able to comment on the importance of Laplace's Law relating vessel radius and pressure, and how this relates to aneurysm formation.

Lecture: Review of the Sympathetic Nervous System

1. Describe the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system, with particular reference to the innervation of blood vessels.
2. Describe the transmitters used by the sympathetic nervous system.
3. Describe the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of blood pressure and cardiac output
4. Describe the changes in the blood flow to muscle during exercise
5. Describe how the sympathetic nervous system reacts after injury or haemorrhage

Lecture: Review of the Peripheral Vasculature

1. Describe the arterial supply to the upper limb.
2. Describe the venous drainage of the upper limb.
3. Describe the arterial supply to the lower limb.
4. Describe the venous drainage of the lower limb.

Lecture: Neural Control of Blood Pressure

1. Describe the physiological sensors and effectors for neuronal control of arterial blood pressure
2. Describe the position and innervation of the aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors, their central connections, and the role of the brainstem in the control of blood pressure
3. Describe the role of the vagus nerve and the sympathetic nervous system in the control of blood pressure

Lecture: Carriage of Oxygen in Blood

1. Comment on the significance of methaemoglobin in erythrocytes.
2. Explain the significance of the subunit structure of haemoglobin and the consequences of mutations in the haemoglobin genes.
3. Draw a fully labelled diagram of an oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve. Explain how the curve shifts under the influence of temperature and pH.
4. Explain the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported by the blood.
5. Explain what is meant by the haematocrit and how it is regulated.
6. Describe the structure of haemoglobin and explain why it is uniquely suitable for carriage of oxygen in blood.

Lecture: Structure of Blood

1. List the cellular components of blood cells and outline their roles in the carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide, immunity / allergy and haemostasis
2. List the major chemical components of plasma, and comment on the role of these in clotting, immunity, colloid pressure and buffering
3. Outline the production of blood cells from pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells and the regulation of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis
4. Outline the response to anaemia
5. Define the parameters of a full blood count and give an outline classification of anaemia

Lecture: Hormonal Control of Blood Pressure

1. Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and explain its role in blood pressure regulation
2. List common drugs which can be used to control hypertension and explain their mechanism of action

Lecture: Microcirculation and Oedema.

1. Draw a labelled diagram showing the anatomy of the microcirculation.
2. Describe the three types of capillaries, continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous, with reference to their structure, distribution and function.
3. Describe how lipid insoluble molecules can move across the capillary endothelium.
4. Draw a labelled diagram showing filtration and reabsorption of fluid along an average capillary.
5. Explain how capillary pressure, plasma colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure can affect fluid movements between plasma, interstitium and lymph.
6. Know the different causes of oedema and explain the pathophysiology of each.

Lecture: Pulmonary Circulation

1. Describe the responses of bronchiolar and arteriolar smooth muscle which maintain a balance between ventilation of the alveoli and blood flow (perfusion) to the alveoli in normal conditions.
2. Outline the main differences between the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
3. Define the term ventilation perfusion ratio (Va/Q) and give values for the whole lung, the base and the apex of the lung in a normal subject in the upright position, explaining why these differ. Illustrate, by means of diagrams, how the perfusion of the lung may be considered as a 'three zone model'.
4. Comment briefly on the effects, on blood passing through the lungs, of a high or a low Va/Q.
5. Briefly explain the changes in circulation at birth.

Lecture: Vascular Anatomy of the Limbs

1. Know the arterial supply to the upper limb
2. Know the venous drainage of the upper limb
3. Know the arterial supply to the lower limb
4. Know the venous drainage of the lower limb

Lecture: Renal Structure and Function 1

1. Identify the parts of the nephron and describe the role of each component in the physiologic processes involved in urine production
2. Outline the general organisation of the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.
3. Describe the vasculature of the kidney, relating its unique features to the physiology of urine production and nourishment of the nephron
4. Identify the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and describe its role in regulation of blood and urine volumes and renal homeostasis.
5. Explain the ‘clearance concept’ and how this is used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR). State the properties of suitable marker substances and show how clearance, and hence GFR, are calculated. State normal values for the GFR.

Lecture: Drug Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders

1. Describe the role of the vascular endothelium .
2. Briefly describe how drugs may be used for treatment of hypertension and angina.
3. Define heart failure and describe its treatment.
4. Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and explain its role in blood pressure regulation

Lecture: Renal Structure and Function 2

1. By means of labelled diagrams show the changes in volume and osmolality of tubular fluid along the length of the nephron, in the presence or absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
2. State the source, nature and mechanisms of release of ADH. Describe the stimuli for the release of ADH and explain how ADH controls urine volume and osmolality.
3. Explain how the thick-walled, ascending limb of the loop of Henle plays a key role (in conjunction with ADH) in the production of either a dilute or concentrated urine to meet the requirements of water balance.
4. Distinguish between the terms 'water diuresis', 'osmotic diuresis', 'diabetes insipidus' and 'diabetes mellitus'.

Lecture: Integrated Respiratory Clinical Cases

1. Understand how lung function is investigated and how this is applied to clinical practice.
2. Recognise the signs and symptoms of lung cancer and how this condition can be managed.
3. Understand the nature of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases and the lung function changes you would expect in these conditions.
4. Understand the consequences of obstructive lung disease as applied to a real patient.

Lecture: Anatomy of the Sinuses

1. Larynx
2. Mouth, lymphoid tissue and the pharynx
3. Innervation of the larynx
4. Blood Supply to the head and neck
5. Neck surface and functional anatomy
6. Sinuses and their interconnections
7. Emergency airways

Lecture: The Anatomy of the Lungs and Pulmonary Circulation

1. Describe the unique features of haemoglobin that make it able to transfer oxygen from lungs to tissues
2. Draw the haemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve, and explain the effect of changes of pH and other factors on the curve.
3. Comment on problems with mutations of the haemoglobin genes 

Lecture: Introduction to the Respiratory System

1. Explain the partial pressures of gases in different parts of the respiratory tree
2. List the functions of the respiratory system.
3. Name the main structural features of the lungs
4. Distinguish between respiratory and non-respiratory components of the lungs and show how histological features are related to function.
5. Describe the branching pattern of the respiratory tree, commenting on the significance of the cross-sectional area at different levels
6. Outline the causes and social impact (in terms of mortality and morbidity) of a) airways disease; and b) respiratory infection
7. Comment on the major social, environmental and occupational factors associated with pulmonary disease.

Lecture: Chest X-rays

1. How x-rays produce an image.
2. What is termed an adequate chest x-ray.
3. How to interpret a chest x-ray – ABCDEF.
4. Demonstrate normal anatomy.

Lecture: Respiratory Physiology I: Lung Mechanics

1. Interpret lung function tests.
2. Describe lung volumes that can be measured directly from a spirometer.
3. Define and calculate FEV1/FVC.
4. Describe role of respiratory muscles in quiet and forced breathing.
5. Describe dead space of the lungs (anatomical and physiological).
6. Define and calculate alveolar ventilation

Lecture: Respiratory Physiology II

1. Outline the relationships between the lungs, pleura and chest wall
2. Define the term intrapleural pressure
3. Describe how intrapleural pressure changes during normal breathing and during pneumothorax
4. Explain how lung volumes are determined by the balance between the elastic properties of (1) lung and (2) chest wall
5. Draw the pressure-volume curve for the lung and state how it is used as a measurement of compliance
6. State the role of surface tension (and surfactant) in lung compliance
7. Name diseases that affect compliance of the lung and chest wall
8. Understand the principles of airway resistance, the main sites of airway resistance and factors that affect it.
9. Describe what determines the work of breathing

Lecture: Acid-Base and the Contol of Breathing

1. Briefly describe the brainstem structures involved in the production of breathing and list the inputs to the brainstem which influence breathing.
2. Describe the location and properties of the peripheral chemoreceptors and show, by means of simple graphs, how alterations in PaO2 and PaCO2 alter ventilation.
3. State the location of the central chemoreceptors and describe how these receptors regulate ventilation by detecting changes in csf pH.

Lecture: Gas Exchange and Lung Function Testing

1. Describe the physical and partial pressures inside the lungs during normal breathing
2. Understand the role and functions of surfactant in the lung
3. Describe the factors that limit gas transfer in the lung
4. Describe the tests used to assess lung function

Lecture: Pharmacology of the Airways

1. Describe the actions of the autonomic nervous system on bronchial smooth muscle and secretory mucosa, relating these actions to the microscopic structure of the airway.
2. Describe mode of action of agents which induce bronchoconstriction and bronchosecretion.
3. Outline the consequences of antigen interaction with fixed mast cell antibody and the actions of mediators released from mast cells.

Lecture: Haemostasis and Thrombosis

1. Describe the nature and function of platelets; explain what is meant by thrombocytopenia
2. Describe the normal coagulation pathway and how it is activated by: tissue damage, contact of blood with tissue collagen or glass.
3. Describe the roles of Vitamin K, platelets, calcium, serine proteases and modifier proteins in the clotting process
4. Explain the mechanism of action of Heparin, Warfarin, Aspirin and Stroptokinase; indicate under what circumstances it is appropriate to administer them

Lecture: Control of Respiration

1. Review the definition of gas partial pressure in a mixture of gases and gas partial pressure in a solution.
2. State normal values of the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaO2, PaCO2). How are these measured directly and estimated indirectly?
3. State the location of the central chemoreceptors and describe how these receptors estimate PaCO2.
4. Describe the location and properties of the peripheral chemoreceptors and show, by means of simple graphs, how alterations in PaO2 and PaCO2 alter ventilation.
5. Briefly describe the brainstem structures involved in the production of breathing and list the inputs to the brainstem which influence breathing.
6. State the normal pH of arterial plasma, define the terms acidosis, alkalosis, acidaemia and alkalaemia, and explain the effects on arterial pH of hyper- and hypo-ventilation.

Lecture: Haemoglobinopathies

1. Genetic basis of thalassaemia and sickle cell disease
2. Rationale and methodology for screening for haemoglobin disorders
3. The treatment of sickle cell disease and thalassemia major
4. Describe how these genetic alterations affect the normal physiology of haemoglobin and the red cell.
5. Appreciate the clinical consequences of these changes.

Lecture: Kidney Physiology

1. Understand the role of the kidney in the control of blood pressure.
2. Describe the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) in the regulation of water retention in the body.
3. Explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates blood volume and blood pressure in the body.

Lecture: Angina

1. Distinguish between the terms chronic stable angina and acute coronary syndrome.
2. Explain what determines O2 demand and supply in the heart (cardiac economics).
3. Illustrate how treatment alters this O2 balance.
4. List the priorities in the management of a person with angina.
5. Plan how to improve their own skills in diagnosing & managing a person with angina.

Lecture: Myocardial Infarction

1. Pathophysiological mechanisms of infarction as the basis for logical treatment
2. Diagnosis
3. Risk Stratification
4. Emergency Management
5. Outcomes
6. Secondary prevention

Lecture: Applied Anatomy of the Heart

1. Describe the anatomy and distribution of the coronary circulation
2. List some common causes of remodeling
3. Describe the nervous innervation of the heart and explain the anatomical basis of cardiac referred pain.
4. Identify some of the anatomical and radiological features of common cardiac pathologies

Lecture: Development and Congenital Abnormalities of the Heart

1. Understand the basic development of the heart.
2. Describe how foetal circulation differs from that of neonate.
3. Understand the circulatory adaptations at birth.
4. Describe some common congenital abnormalities of the heart.

Lecture: Anaemia 1

Lecture: Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease

1. Explain the importance of lung function testing, especially spirometry in the diagnosis of lung disease.
2. Discuss the differentiation between obstructive and restrictive lung disease.
3. Describe examples and causes of the common lung diseases in these two categories.
4. Describe clinical symptoms and signs that are associated with these conditions.
5. Discuss the natural history and prognosis of these two groups of conditions.

Lecture: Macrocytic and Haemolytic Anaemias (Anaemia II)

1. Causes of macrocytic anaemia
2. Vitamin B12 & folate functions
3. Features of B12 and folate deficiency
4. Anaemias caused by decreased RBC lifespan (haemolytic)
5. Evaluation of suspected haemolytic anaemia

Lecture: Atherosclerosis

1. Define arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
2. Describe the stages of development of an atheromatous plaque.
3. Describe the risk factors for the development of atheroma and how these may be reduced.
4. Explain the difference between stable and unstable plaques and the different sequelae.

Lecture: Venous Thromboembolism

1. To understand epidemiology.
2. To understand clinical features.
3. To understand diagnosis.
4. To understand management.
5. To understand pathogenesis.

Lecture: Blood Groups

1. Describe the features of ABO and Rh blood group systems and explain how genotype relates to phenotype
2. Interpret results of serological grouping tests and apply these to choice of components for transfusion
3. Describe the steps involved in organising a blood transfusion
4. Explain the difference between naturally occurring and immune antibodies
5. llustrate how antibody/ antigen interactions cause transfusion reactions
6. Introduction to the pathogenesis of haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn and discuss strategies for prevention
7. Define blood group antigens and antibodies
8. To understand the difference between phenotypes and genotypes, and blood group inheritance, using ABO and Rh blood groups as examples.
9. To explain the cause of haemolytic disease of the newborn, and how it may be prevented.
10. To know the dangers of blood transfusion involving red blood cells.
11. To be able to explain what ABO and Rh blood and plasma is suitable to transfuse to patients and list reasons for wanting to transfuse these.

Lecture: Breathlessness

1. Understand the neurological pathways involved in the sensation of breathlessness.
2. Understand how variable the symptom of breathlessness may be and how it may or may not correlate with other tests of lung function.
3. Describe the effects of airway resistance, chest wall loading and chest wall. stiffness on breathlessness.
4. Describe the ways in which we may treat this sensation.

Lecture: Asthma/Obstructive/COPD

1. Describe how we may diagnose obstructive lung diseases.
2. Describe examples and causes of the common obstructive lung diseases.
3. Describe clinical symptoms and signs that are associated with these conditions.

Lecture: Restrictive Lung Diseases

1. Describe the common categories of restrictive lung diseases.
2. Describe the pathological mechanisms that drive restrictive lung diseases.
3. Explain the importance of lung function testing, especially spirometry, in the diagnosis of restrictive lung diseases.
4. Discuss pharmacological treatments for restrictive lung diseases.
5. Describe clinical symptoms and signs that are associated with these conditions.

Lecture: Acid / Base Regulation

1. Define the term anion gap and explain its clinical value to the interpretation of metabolic acidosis.
2. Define the terms acid and base.
3. Explain how respiratory (or volatile) and metabolic (or fixed) acids are produced within the body.
4. List the four simple acid-base disturbances, describe their primary cause and respiratory and renal compensation.
5. Define the term acid dissociation constant and pKa and describe how these values determine the strength of an acid.
6. State the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and understand how the pH of a solution is determined by the pKa of the acid and the ratio of the concentrations of the conjugate base to acid.
7. Describe the three mechanisms that act to limit changes in pH
8. Define the term pH buffer. Explain the role of buffers in the regulation of blood pH
9. Understand how the pH scale relates to hydrogen ion concentration [H+]
10. State the normal range for arterial pH and the range compatible with life. Comment on the differences between normal arterial and mixed venous pH values.

Acid / Base Workshop

1. Understand diagnosis of simple acid-base disorders by examining two case studies: hyperventilation and ketoacidosis.

Lecture: Applied Respiratory Anatomy

1. Understand the functional anatomy and nerve supply of the pleura
2. Revise anatomy of the thoracic wall and understand the clinical relevance
3. Surface anatomy
4. Understand some simple lung pathologies

Lecture: Hypertension

1. Understand epidemiology of hypertension- national and global perspectives.
2. Define hypotension, hypertension, and postural hypotension.
3. Explain the extra risks of hypertension in diabetics and obese individuals.
4. Describe the normal control of blood pressure and how it may go wrong in hypertension.
5. Describe the pathophysiology of hypertension.
6. List the main non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapeutic strategies to manage hypertension.

Lecture: Structure and Function of the Kidney

1. Outline the general organisation of the urinary system including the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.
2. Identify the parts of the nephron and describe the role of each component in the physiologic processes involved in urine production.
3. Describe the vasculature of the kidney, relating its unique features to the physiology of urine production and nourishment of the nephron.
4. Identify the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and describe its role in regulation of blood and urine volumes and renal homeostasis.
5. Outline the structural components of the urinary passageways and bladder and describe how micturition is controlled.

Lecture: Tuberclosis

1. Describe the nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and be aware of other types of atypical mycobacterium.
2. Discuss epidemiological factors associated with tuberculosis and differentiate between primary and post-primary disease.
3. Describe the presentation of tuberculosis, especially potential difficulties in diagnosis.
4. Describe the tests required for a diagnosis of tuberculosis.
5. Discuss the management of tuberculosis to include chemotherapy, contact tracing and BCG vaccination.
6. State features of diagnosis and treatment of infections with other mycobacteria.

Lecture: Shock

1. Describe the clinical presentation of the different types of shock.
2. Define and classify shock.
3. Describe physiology of normal tissue perfusion.
4. Describe short and long term mechanisms that allow compensation for haemmorhage.

Lecture: Nitric Oxide

1. Describe the properties of nitric oxide and its mechanism of synthesis in vascular endothelium
2. Explain the role of nitric oxide in the coronary and skeletal arterioles
3. Explain the role of nitric oxide in exercise
4. Understand the problem of the sourceof nitric oxide in exercising muscle
5. Describe the theory of nitric oxide function in the pulmonary circulation

Lecture: GFR and Tubular Function

1. Explain how fluid moves from the blood to the renal tubules.
2. Explain the 'clearance concept' and how this is used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
3. State the properties of suitable marker substances and show how clearance, and hence GFR, are calculated. State normal values for the GFR.
4. Briefly describe the autoregulation of GFR under normal circumstances and the significance of a reduced GFR.
5. Briefly compare the reabsorption of sodium, amino acids and water in the proximal tubule of the nephron.
6. Describe the differences in sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, the thick-walled, ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal tubule

Lecture: Respiratory Failure

1. To understand treatment options in respiratory failure.
2. To identify symptoms and signs of respiratory failure.
3. To understand what pathophysiological processes affect this oxygen cascade.
4. To understand how oxygen passes from the atmosphere to the arterial level.

Lecture: Valvular Heart Disease

1. Understand the anatomy and physiology of normal heart valves.
2. Discuss the causes of aortic stenosis and regurgitation.
3. Discuss the symptoms of aortic stenosis and regurgitation.
4. Understand the management of the patient with aortic valve disease.
5. Discuss the causes of mitral stenosis and regurgitation.
6. Discuss the symptoms of mitral stenosis and regurgitation.
7. Understand the management of the patient with mitral valve disease.
8. Discuss briefly pulmonary and tricuspid valve disease.

Lecture: Urine Concentration and Control of Blood Volume

1. By means of labelled diagrams show the changes in volume and osmolality of tubular fluid along the length of the nephron, in the presence or absence of anti- diuretic hormone (ADH).
2. Explain how the thick-walled, ascending limb of the loop of Henle plays a key role (in conjunction with ADH) in the production of either dilute or concentrated urine to meet the requirements of water balance.
3. State the source, nature and mechanisms of release of ADH. Describe the stimuli for the release of ADH and explain how ADH controls urine volume and osmolality.
4. Distinguish between the terms 'water diuresis', 'osmotic diuresis', 'diabetes insipidus' and 'diabetes mellitus'.
5. Explain how urine concentration mechanisms are part of a system for control of blood volume.

Lecture: Heart Failure

1. Pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure.
2. Diagnosis.
3. Symptomatic management.
4. Prognostic management.
5. Outcomes.

Lecture: Drug Treatments for Complex Heart Conditions

1. Describe the mechanism of action of drugs used to treat or prevent coronary artery disease
2. Describe clinical symptoms and signs that are associated with coronary artery disease
3. Describe the underlying pathology in coronary artery disease
4. Understand the burden of coronary artery disease

Lecture: Lymphatics

1. Describe the anatomy of lymphatic vessels
2. Explain how lymph is formed and returned to the bloodstream.
3. Describe the form and function of the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen.
4. Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the body and the anatomy of the major lymphatic ducts.

Acid/Base - Clinical Aspects

1. Know the methods available for the assessment of acid-base balance in patients.
2. Understand the pathogenesis and common causes of: a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis.
3. Recognise the biochemical changes associated with the above disorders and how the body attempts to compensate.

CoO - PBL 1: Going Clubbing

Lecture: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

1. Describe the main causes of lower respiratory tract infections
2. Explain how to diagnose and treat lower respiratory tract infections
3. Discuss the importance of lower respiratory tract infections as a cause of morbidity and mortality, both in the hospital and community setting

CoO - PBL 2: Kadeer Ahmed

Lecture: Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

1. Understand the nature of viruses.
2. Understand the main therapeutic interventions against virus disease.
3. Understand the effect of viruses on pre existing respiratory conditions.
4. Understand why emerging viruses are such a threat.

Lecture: Carriage of Oxygen Review

1. Review of the course and tips for revision.

CoO - PBL 3: Pregnant With a Painful Leg

CoO- PBL 4: Heart condition

CoO- PBL 5: A Vice-Like Pain

CoO - PBL 6: Gerald Williams

CoO - PBL 7: Dorothy Johnson

CoO - PBL 8: Milan Mikhailovich

CoO - PBL 9: Wilfred Barnes

CoO - PBL 10: Georgette Dufort

CoO - PBL 11: Charlie Dewsbury

Microanatomy: Microanatomy of the Blood

1. Recognise the anatomical characteristics and functions of different types of leukocytes and identify them in blood smears.
2. Differentiate between erythrocytes found in normal blood smears and those indicative of anaemia.
3. Understand the basic structure and function of bone marrow

Microanatomy : Microanatomy of Cardiovascular System

1. Identify arteries and veins and relate the structure of their walls to their physiological function.
2. Recognise the cardiac myocyte.
3. Understand the effects of ischaemia on the myocardium.

Microanatomy: Microanatomy of the Respiratory System:

1. Identify the components of the respiratory mucous membrane.
2. Compare and contrast the structure of conducting components of the respiratory system and relate their structural differences to differing functions.
3. Identify the respiratory components of the lung and understand their functions.

Microanatomy: Microanatomy of the Kidney

1. Describe the basic structural organisation of the kidney, including its vasculature.
2. Describe the structure of the nephron.
3. Relate the structure of the glomerulus to its role in the filtration of blood.
4. List the causes of impaired glomerular filtration and the clinical consequences of this.
5. Describe the structure and microanatomy of the urinary tract, including the bladder.

Anatomy: PRACTICAL 1: Anatomy of the Thorax

1. Identify, on an articulated skeleton, bones forming the thoracic cage, manubrium and body of the sternum, xiphisternum, costal cartilages, ribs and thoracic vertebrae.
2. Describe the parts of a typical thoracic vertebra.
3. Describe the arrangement and neurovascular bundle of a typical intercostal space.
4. Describe the attachments and nerve supply of the diaphragm. Identify the main structures passing through it and note their vertebral levels.
5. Describe the extent of the pleural cavity and understand the sensory innervation of the parietal pleura, differentiating between visceral and parietal pleura.
6. Trace the flow of air from the nose to alveoli.
7. Identify the important structures within the paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavity.
8. Understand the cartilaginous and bony skeleton of the larynx.
9. Describe the nervous innervation of the larynx.
10. Describe the structure and position of the trachea.
11. Identify the lobes of each lung and describe the pattern of division of bronchi entering the lobes.
12. Identify anatomical features of cross sections, CTs and MRIs.
13. Identify important chest wall and respiratory structures of a chest XRay

Anatomy: PRACTICAL 2: Larynx, Sinuses and Chest X-ray

1. Trace the flow of air from the nose to alveoli.
2. Identify the important structures within the paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavity.
3. Understand the basic arrangement and divisions of the pharynx.
4. Understand the cartilaginous and bony skeleton of the larynx.
5. Describe the nervous innervation of the larynx.
6. Describe the structure and position of the trachea.
7. Identify the lobes of each lung and describe the pattern of division of bronchi entering the lobes.
8. Identify anatomical features of cross sections, CTs and MRIs.
9. Identify important chest wall and respiratory structures of a chest XRay.

Anatomy: PRACTICAL 3: Anatomy of the Mediastinum

1. Describe the surface anatomy and auscultation points of the heart.
2. Identify the pleural cavities and the mediastinum.
3. Identify the divisions and the contents of the mediastinum.
4. Describe the layers and attachments of the pericardium.
5. Note the position of the heart and the great vessels in situ.
6. On the surface of the heart, identify the four chambers.
7. Identify the right and left coronary arteries and their major branches.
8. Relate the coronary arteries to the area of myocardium they supply.
9. Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
10. Describe the main features and positions of the left and right atria.
11. Describe the main features and positions of the left and right ventricles.
12. Identify the four valves of the heart. Indicate which chambers they lie between and how they differ in their structure.

Anatomy: PRACTICAL 4: Anatomy of the Heart & common Pathologies

1. Revise the gross anatomy of the heart and the great vessels.
2. Relate myocardial infarction to the anatomy of the coronary circulation.
3. Understand the efficacy of cardiac imaging techniques e.g. echocardiography, coronary angiography.
4. Identify common locations for atherosclerotic lesions and the consequences of these.
5. Identify the basic features of a normal mediastinal silhouette and the basic features of cardiac pathologies in chest X-rays.
6. Discuss and understand the pathological basis for atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, mitral valve disease and aneurysm.
7. Understand the basic development of the heart and common congenital abnormalities.

Anatomy: PRACTICAL 5: Thorax & respiratory Disease

1. Revise the gross anatomy of the chest wall, the pleura, the lungs and bronchial tree.
2. Describe the surface anatomy of the lungs and relate this to auscultation and percussion.
3. Understand the extent of the pleural cavity and the consequences of pleural injuries.
4. Review normal lung function tests and compare them with abnormal lung function tests from a patient with obstructive lung disease and  restrictive lung disease .
5. Identify the anatomical features of COPD, pneumonia, carcinoma and tuberculosis on pathological specimens and on radiographs
6. Describe a normal chest x ray and compare this with chest x rays from patients with lung cancer, tuberculosis, COPD and pneumothorax.

Lecture: Main Treatments for Coronary Artery Disease

1. Understand the underlying mechanisms of drugs commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions e.g. aspirin, beta blockers, statins and ace-inhibitors.

Lecture: Cardiomyopathies

1. Review knowledge of myocardium: structure and function
2. Review knowledge of cardiac output and blood pressure control
3. Understand what is meant by the term cardiomyopathy and how the condition is classified.
4. List the major subtypes of cardiomyopathy.
5. Describe the three major forms of cardiomyopathy (DCM, HCM & RCM) in terms of their etiology/causes, signs/symptoms, pathology/pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
6. Recognise other forms of myopathy e.g. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).